What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a group of progressive eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is vital for good vision.

This damage is often caused by increased pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure), though it can also occur with normal eye pressure. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide but can often be managed if caught early.

Symptoms of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight” because it typically has no early symptoms. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include:

1. 1. Open-Angle Glaucoma (Most Common Type):
      ⦿ Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision, often unnoticed until advanced.
      ⦿ Tunnel vision in severe stages.
   2. Angle-Closure Glaucoma (Less Common, Emergency):
      ⦿ Sudden, severe eye pain.
      ⦿ Blurred vision or halos around lights.
      ⦿ Nausea and vomiting.
      ⦿ Redness of the eye.
   3. Normal-Tension Glaucoma:
      ⦿ Damage to the optic nerve despite normal intraocular pressure. Symptoms are similar to open-angle glaucoma.

What Causes Glaucoma?

The most common type of glaucoma can be caused due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) inside the eye, which results from fluid (aqueous humor) not draining properly out of the eye. However, other crucial factors can also contribute:

• • Family History: Glaucoma often runs in families.
  • Age: Risk increases significantly after age 60.
  • Medical Conditions: Diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain other conditions can increase risk.
  • Trauma or Eye Surgery: Past injuries or surgeries can lead to secondary glaucoma.
  • Prolonged Use of Steroids: Especially in eye drops or systemic medications.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

Your optometrist or ophthalmologist will perform several tests to check for glaucoma:

• • Tonometry: Measures intraocular pressure.
  • Ophthalmoscopy: Examines the optic nerve for signs of damage.
  • Visual Field Test: Assesses peripheral vision.
  • Gonioscopy: Determines if the drainage angle is open or closed.
  • Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Creates detailed images of the optic nerve and retina to detect changes.

Treatment Options for Glaucoma

The goal of treatment is to lower intraocular pressure and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Treatment options include:

1. 1. Eye Drops: The most common form of treatment used to increase fluid drainage from the eye or reduce fluid production, resulting in lower intraocular pressure.
   2. Laser Therapy: This is performed when eye drops do not stop deterioration in the field of vision. Laser is used to try to unblock or increase the filtration of the aqueous through the trabecular meshwork, hence lowering the intraocular pressure.
   3. Surgical Options: This is usually performed after eye drops and laser therapy have failed to control the eye pressure. The purpose of the surgery is to increase the outflow of the aqueous by targeting the trabecular meshwork, resulting in lower intraocular pressure.

Why Early Detection Matters?

Glaucoma damage is irreversible, so early detection and treatment are crucial to preserving vision. Regular eye exams are essential, especially for those at higher risk, including individuals over 40, those with a family history of glaucoma, or people with certain medical conditions.

Preventing or Managing Glaucoma

While glaucoma can’t always be prevented, there are ways to reduce your risk or slow its progression:

• • Get Regular Eye Exams: This is the best way to catch glaucoma early.
  • Control Underlying Conditions: Manage diabetes, high blood pressure, or other health issues.
  • Exercise Safely: Regular, moderate exercise may lower eye pressure.
  • Protect Your Eyes: Wear protective eyewear to prevent injuries that can lead to glaucoma.
  • Use Medications as Directed: If prescribed, use glaucoma drops or treatments consistently.

Living with Glaucoma

If you’ve been diagnosed with glaucoma, it’s important to stay proactive:

• • Stick to your treatment plan and attend all follow-up appointments.
  • Discuss any side effects of medications with your doctor.
  • Stay informed about your condition so you can advocate for your eye health.

Glaucoma may not have a cure, but with timely intervention, you can preserve your vision and maintain a high quality of life. If you’re due for an eye exam or concerned about your eye health, book an appointment with your optometrist today.